Comparison of high definition optical disc formats
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This article is about comparative HD optical disc formats. For a history of the Blu-ray/HD DVD format war, see High definition optical disc format war.
This article compares the technical specifications of HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, two mutually incompatible, high definition optical disc formats that, beginning in 2006, attempted to improve upon and eventually replace the DVD standard. The two formats remained in a format war until February 19, 2008 when Toshiba, HD DVD's creator, announced plans to cease development, manufacturing and marketing of HD DVD players and recorders.[1]
There are other high-definition optical disc formats including the multi-layered red-laser Versatile Multilayer Disc and a Chinese variant of HD DVD known as CH-DVD.
Ongoing development
Ongoing development
Front of an experimental Blu-ray Disc
Front of an experimental Blu-ray Disc
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").[68][69] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K). Furthermore TDK announced in August 2006 that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[70]
Also behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to 10 layers. That increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current reader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.[71]
JVC has developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and reveal its HD version when played on a new BD player.[72] This hybrid disc does not appear to be ready for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure.
In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25 GB each.[73] Unlike TDK and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives.[74]
As of April, 2008 a joint licensing agreement for Blu-ray Disc has not yet been finalized.[75] A joint licensing agreement would make it easier for companies to get a license for Blu-ray Disc without having to go to each individual company that owns a Blu-ray Disc patent. For this reason a joint licensing agreement was eventually made for DVD by the DVD6C Licensing Agency.[76]
Front of an experimental Blu-ray Disc
Front of an experimental Blu-ray Disc
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").[68][69] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K). Furthermore TDK announced in August 2006 that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[70]
Also behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to 10 layers. That increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current reader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.[71]
JVC has developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and reveal its HD version when played on a new BD player.[72] This hybrid disc does not appear to be ready for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure.
In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25 GB each.[73] Unlike TDK and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives.[74]
As of April, 2008 a joint licensing agreement for Blu-ray Disc has not yet been finalized.[75] A joint licensing agreement would make it easier for companies to get a license for Blu-ray Disc without having to go to each individual company that owns a Blu-ray Disc patent. For this reason a joint licensing agreement was eventually made for DVD by the DVD6C Licensing Agency.[76]
Digital rights management (DRM)
Digital rights management (DRM)
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management.[47][48]
AACS decryption process
AACS decryption process
Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It is developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Matsushita (Panasonic), Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba and Sony.
Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). However, even though some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised, new releases will use new, uncompromised keys.[49]
BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-Protecting Digital Content.[50] BD+ is effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:[47]
* examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
* verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
* execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
* transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.
If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.
The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the BD+ website.
BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.[51] The first titles using BD+ were released in October the same year. Players from Samsung and LG had problems playing back those titles until the manufacturers updated their firmware, but this problem was later identified as being related to BD-Java use, not BD+.[52] BD+ protection was fully circumvented with the release 6.4.0.0 of AnyDVD HD program.
BD-ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management.[47][48]
AACS decryption process
AACS decryption process
Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It is developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Matsushita (Panasonic), Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba and Sony.
Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). However, even though some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised, new releases will use new, uncompromised keys.[49]
BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-Protecting Digital Content.[50] BD+ is effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:[47]
* examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
* verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
* execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
* transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it.
If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.
The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the BD+ website.
BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.[51] The first titles using BD+ were released in October the same year. Players from Samsung and LG had problems playing back those titles until the manufacturers updated their firmware, but this problem was later identified as being related to BD-Java use, not BD+.[52] BD+ protection was fully circumvented with the release 6.4.0.0 of AnyDVD HD program.
BD-ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.
Region codes
Region codes
Regions for Blu-ray standard A: Americas; East and Southeast Asia; U.S. territories; Bermuda. B: Africa, Europe, Oceania; Middle East; Kingdom of the Netherlands; British overseas territories, French territories; Greenland. C: Central and South Asia; Mongolia, Russia, and People's Republic of China.
Regions for Blu-ray standard[43]
A: Americas; East and Southeast Asia; U.S. territories; Bermuda. B: Africa, Europe, Oceania; Middle East; Kingdom of the Netherlands; British overseas territories, French territories; Greenland. C: Central and South Asia; Mongolia, Russia, and People's Republic of China.
Blu-ray Discs may be encoded with a region code, intended to restrict the area of the world in which they can be played, similar in principle to the DVD region codes, although the used geographical regions differ. Blu-ray Disc players sold in a certain region may only play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow motion picture studios to control the various aspects of a release (including content, date, and in particular price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices.
This places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Korea, Malaysia) in the same region as North America. As of early 2008, about two-thirds of all released discs were region-free.[44]
In the Blu-ray region coding system, the United States is placed in region A while regions B and C are used for countries which can experience localization delays before U.S. titles are officially released. The opposite, though, is sometimes true and a few new titles such as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Running Scared were released in certain European countries before the U.S. release.[45] In response to the DVD region system, multi-region and region-free DVD players became dominant in certain markets; certain Blu-ray player models have been modified to allow for playback of Blu-ray discs from Regions A and B and DVD discs from Regions 1 and 2.[
Regions for Blu-ray standard A: Americas; East and Southeast Asia; U.S. territories; Bermuda. B: Africa, Europe, Oceania; Middle East; Kingdom of the Netherlands; British overseas territories, French territories; Greenland. C: Central and South Asia; Mongolia, Russia, and People's Republic of China.
Regions for Blu-ray standard[43]
A: Americas; East and Southeast Asia; U.S. territories; Bermuda. B: Africa, Europe, Oceania; Middle East; Kingdom of the Netherlands; British overseas territories, French territories; Greenland. C: Central and South Asia; Mongolia, Russia, and People's Republic of China.
Blu-ray Discs may be encoded with a region code, intended to restrict the area of the world in which they can be played, similar in principle to the DVD region codes, although the used geographical regions differ. Blu-ray Disc players sold in a certain region may only play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow motion picture studios to control the various aspects of a release (including content, date, and in particular price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices.
This places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Korea, Malaysia) in the same region as North America. As of early 2008, about two-thirds of all released discs were region-free.[44]
In the Blu-ray region coding system, the United States is placed in region A while regions B and C are used for countries which can experience localization delays before U.S. titles are officially released. The opposite, though, is sometimes true and a few new titles such as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Running Scared were released in certain European countries before the U.S. release.[45] In response to the DVD region system, multi-region and region-free DVD players became dominant in certain markets; certain Blu-ray player models have been modified to allow for playback of Blu-ray discs from Regions A and B and DVD discs from Regions 1 and 2.[
ava software support
ava software support
Main article: BD-J
At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less seamless. Java creator James Gosling, at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a Java Virtual Machine as well as network connectivity in some BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called BD-J and is a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.
Main article: BD-J
At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less seamless. Java creator James Gosling, at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a Java Virtual Machine as well as network connectivity in some BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called BD-J and is a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.
Software standards
Software standards
Codecs
Codecs are compression schemes that store audio and video more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both lossy and lossless compression techniques.
The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For video, all players are required to support MPEG-2, H.264/AVC, and SMPTE VC-1. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular DVDs, which allows backwards compatibility. H.264/AVC was developed by MPEG and VCEG as a modern successor of MPEG-4. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.
The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced video codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a video runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.
MPEG-2 was used by many studios, including Paramount Pictures (which initially used the VC-1 codec for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray discs that were launched throughout 2006. Modern releases are now often encoded in either H.264/AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these codecs will also free many GB of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p) as opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios (such as Warner Bros.) have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different codec than the main feature title; for example the Blu-ray release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for bonus content (presumably because it is simply ported from the DVD release).
For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital AC-3, DTS, and linear PCM. Players may optionally support Dolby Digital Plus, and lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio. BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.[41]
For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source (IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). Blu-ray movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbps, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bitrate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbps, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.[42]
Codecs
Codecs are compression schemes that store audio and video more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both lossy and lossless compression techniques.
The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For video, all players are required to support MPEG-2, H.264/AVC, and SMPTE VC-1. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular DVDs, which allows backwards compatibility. H.264/AVC was developed by MPEG and VCEG as a modern successor of MPEG-4. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.
The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced video codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a video runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.
MPEG-2 was used by many studios, including Paramount Pictures (which initially used the VC-1 codec for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray discs that were launched throughout 2006. Modern releases are now often encoded in either H.264/AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these codecs will also free many GB of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p) as opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios (such as Warner Bros.) have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different codec than the main feature title; for example the Blu-ray release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for bonus content (presumably because it is simply ported from the DVD release).
For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital AC-3, DTS, and linear PCM. Players may optionally support Dolby Digital Plus, and lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio. BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.[41]
For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source (IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). Blu-ray movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbps, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bitrate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbps, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.[42]
Hard-coating technology
Hard-coating technology
Because the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc, compared to the DVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in polymer technology eventually made the cartridges unnecessary.[40]
TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was named Durabis. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.
Because the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc, compared to the DVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in polymer technology eventually made the cartridges unnecessary.[40]
TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was named Durabis. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.
Laser and optics
Laser and optics
Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.
The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same area. For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[39] In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity. (See Compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure.)
Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.
The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same area. For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[39] In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity. (See Compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure.)
End of the format war
End of the format war
In January 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Brothers, the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios which came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO, though in Europe HBO distribution partner the BBC announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, including major U.S. retailers such as Best Buy, Wal-Mart, and Circuit City dropping HD DVD in their stores. A major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its inventory. Netflix and Blockbuster, major DVD rental companies, said it they would no longer carry HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on 19 February 2008, Toshiba announced it would be ending production of HD DVD devices,[34] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical disks. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since inception, shortly after Toshiba's announcement, said "while Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[35] Paramount Studios, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[36]
Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft has stated that they are not currently pursuing a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360, and will instead focus on their digital downloads from the Xbox Live Marketplace.[37]
Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's "Hitman," up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around 5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households, with most experts predicting the business will take off in a significant fashion in the fourth quarter of 2008, when BD Live software and players--which offer a variety of Web-enabled features, from downloadable trailers to chat and instant-messaging functions--start hitting the market.
A preliminary conclusion has been made by the Singulus Technologies AG, German manufacturer of optical disc equipment and world's only provider of such services as mastering, molding and replication. According to Stefan Baustert Blu-ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format 11 years ago at the same period of its development. This conclusion was made due to the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer machines only during this year's first quarter, while only 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period 11 years ago.[38]
In January 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Brothers, the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios which came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO, though in Europe HBO distribution partner the BBC announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, including major U.S. retailers such as Best Buy, Wal-Mart, and Circuit City dropping HD DVD in their stores. A major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its inventory. Netflix and Blockbuster, major DVD rental companies, said it they would no longer carry HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on 19 February 2008, Toshiba announced it would be ending production of HD DVD devices,[34] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical disks. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since inception, shortly after Toshiba's announcement, said "while Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[35] Paramount Studios, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[36]
Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft has stated that they are not currently pursuing a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360, and will instead focus on their digital downloads from the Xbox Live Marketplace.[37]
Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's "Hitman," up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around 5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households, with most experts predicting the business will take off in a significant fashion in the fourth quarter of 2008, when BD Live software and players--which offer a variety of Web-enabled features, from downloadable trailers to chat and instant-messaging functions--start hitting the market.
A preliminary conclusion has been made by the Singulus Technologies AG, German manufacturer of optical disc equipment and world's only provider of such services as mastering, molding and replication. According to Stefan Baustert Blu-ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format 11 years ago at the same period of its development. This conclusion was made due to the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer machines only during this year's first quarter, while only 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period 11 years ago.[38]
Competition from HD DVD
Competition from HD DVD
Main article: High definition optical disc format war
The DVD Forum (which was chaired by Toshiba) was deeply split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[22][23] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.[24] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[25] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation.[26][27]
HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market and Blu-ray Disc sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[28] This changed when PlayStation 3 launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. At CES 2007 Warner proposed Total Hi Def which was a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other but it was never released. By January 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,[29] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. Finally, by February 2008, Toshiba announced it was pulling its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu Ray as the victor in the video wars.[30]
Some analysts believe that Sony's PlayStation 3 video game console played an important role in the format war, believing it acted as a catalyst for Blu-ray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.[31] They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing campaign.[32] More recently several studios have cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anti-copying system as the reason they supported Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD.[33]
Main article: High definition optical disc format war
The DVD Forum (which was chaired by Toshiba) was deeply split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[22][23] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.[24] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[25] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation.[26][27]
HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market and Blu-ray Disc sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[28] This changed when PlayStation 3 launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. At CES 2007 Warner proposed Total Hi Def which was a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other but it was never released. By January 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,[29] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. Finally, by February 2008, Toshiba announced it was pulling its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu Ray as the victor in the video wars.[30]
Some analysts believe that Sony's PlayStation 3 video game console played an important role in the format war, believing it acted as a catalyst for Blu-ray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.[31] They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing campaign.[32] More recently several studios have cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anti-copying system as the reason they supported Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD.[33]
Blu-ray Disc format finalized
Blu-ray Disc format finalized
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were finished in 2004.[11] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs.[12] The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[13] AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[14] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[15] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[16] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer and Samsung, an interim standard was published which did not include some features, like managed copy.[17]
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were finished in 2004.[11] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs.[12] The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[13] AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[14] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[15] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[16] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer and Samsung, an interim standard was published which did not include some features, like managed copy.[17]
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SME, ?? SME, ?? ?????, ???????????, ????, ???? 7, ???? O Top, ???? sme, ???? SMES, ???? ?????, ???? ????? OTOP, ????7-11, ????sme, ??????????, ???????, ?????????, ?????, ???????, ?????????, ภาพseven eleven, ภาพอาชีพธุรกิจ, ภาพชื่อธุรกิจ, ดูดวง+ธุรกิจ, ตั้งseven eleven, ติดต่อ 7-11ประเทศไทย, ติดต่อ7-11, รวม แฟรนไช, รวม แฟรนไชส์, รวมotop, รวมชื่ออาชีพ, รวมชื่อธุรกิจ, รวมเว็บ sme, รวมเว็บไชท์, รวมแฟรน, รวมแฟรนไช, รวมแฟรนไชส์, ระบบ แฟรนไชส์ 7 - 11, ระบบเอทีเอ็ทเอ็ม , ระบบแฟรนไชส์, รับสมัครงาน7eleven, รับสมัครงานของ7eleven, รายชื่อ, รายชื่อ ธุรกิจ, รายชื่อ แฟรนไชส์, รายชื่อ 7 - eleven, รายชื่อ Otop, รายชื่อ SME, รายชื่อ SME THAILAND, รายชื่อ sme ใหม่, รายชื่อ sme ไทย, รายชื่อ smes, รายชื่อ SMEs OTOP, รายชื่อ SMEs ไทย, รายชื่อ Thai SMEs, รายชื่อ ธุรกิจ, รายชื่อ ธุรกิจ sme, รายชื่อ ธุรกิจsme, รายชื่อ เอสเอ็มอี, รายชื่อ เฟรนไชส์, รายชื่อ แฟรนไชส์, รายชื่อ+ธุรกิจ, รายชื่อotop, รายชื่อsme, รายชื่อSMEs, รายชื่อบริษัทSME, รายชื่องานsme, รายชื่อธุรกิจ, รายชื่อธุรกิจ sme, รายชื่อธุรกิจ SME, รายชื่อธุรกิจ SMEs, รายชื่อธุรกิจ+e-commerce, รายชื่อเอเอฟห้า, รายชื่อเฟรนไชส์, รายชื่อแฟรนไชส์, รายชื่อแฟรนไชส์seven, ราคา แฟรนไชส์ , ราคา 7-11, ราคาธุรกิจ seven, ราคาแฟรนไชส์seven, ร้น7-11, วงจรธุรกิจข้าว, ศูนย์ 7-eleven , ศูนย์ SME, ศูนย์ SMEs, ศูนย์7-eleven, ศูนย์sme, ศูนย์รวม otop, ศูนย์รวม แฟรนไชส์, ศูนย์รวม+แฟรนไชส์, ศูนย์รวมแฟรน, ศูนย์รวมแฟรนไชส์, ส, สมัคร seven 11, สมัคร seven eleven , สมัคร งานsaven , สมัคร+7/11, สมัคร7-11, สมัครงาน 7, สมัครงาน 7 ELEVEN, สมัครงาน 7, สมัครงาน 7 11, สมัครงาน 7/11, สมัครงาน 7-11, สมัครงาน export, สมัครงาน partime 7-11, สมัครงาน Part-Time 7 eleven, สมัครงาน seven, สมัครงาน seven 7, สมัครงาน seven พัทยา, สมัครงาน seven11, สมัครงาน,export marketing, สมัครงาน.com, สมัครงาน+seven 11, สมัครงาน7-11, สมัครงาน7-11 part time, สมัครงานpart-time 7-11, สมัครงานsaven, สมัครงานseven, สมัครงานseven eleven, สมัครงานของ7eleven , สมาSME, สินค้า, สินค้า เอส เอ็ม อี, สินค้า 7-eleven, สินค้า OTOP, สินค้า SME, สินค้า แฟรนไชส์, สินค้า (.ppt), สินค้า +sme, สินค้า 7, สินค้า 7 eleven, สินค้า 7 ELVEN, สินค้า 7 -แคตตาล็อก, สินค้า 7-11, สินค้า 7-eleven, สินค้า OTop, สินค้า OTOP ใหม่, สินค้า otop Eng, สินค้า otop sme, สินค้า otop thailand, สินค้า otop ใน smes, สินค้า otop ไทย, สินค้า OTOP+sme, สินค้า OTOP+ข้อมูล, สินค้า otopไทย, สินค้า seven eleven, สินค้า sme, สินค้า Smes, สินค้า ธุรกิจ, สินค้า ข่าวธุรกิจ, สินค้า เอส เอ็ม อี, สินค้า เอสเอ็มอี, สินค้า เฟรนไช, สินค้า ใน 7-11, สินค้า ใน7eleven, สินค้า ไทย sme, สินค้า แฟรนไชส์, สินค้า+7-eleven, สินค้า+otop+แฟรนไชส์, สินค้า+sme, สินค้า+ธุรกิจ, สินค้า+เอสเอ็มอี, สินค้า+เฟรนไช, สินค้า7, สินค้า7 catalog, สินค้า7-11, สินค้า7eleven , สินค้า7-Eleven , สินค้าOTOP, สินค้าotop + sme, สินค้าOTOP SME, สินค้าotop smes, สินค้าOTOP+หนังสือ, สินค้าotopสินค้า, สินค้าotopกะลา, สินค้าotopทำจากกะลา, สินค้าotopใหม่, สินค้าOTOPไทย, สินค้าseven, สินค้าsme, สินค้าSMEs, สินค้าธุรกิจ SME, สินค้าธุรกิจsme, สินค้าเอส.เอ็ม.อี, สินค้าเอสเอ็มอี, สินค้าเฟรนไช, สินค้าเฟรนไชส์, สินค้าใน 7, สินค้าใน 7 - 11, สินค้าใน 7 eleven, สินค้าใน 7-11, สินค้าใน 7-catalog, สินค้าใน 7-eleven, สินค้าใน seven, สินค้าใน7 eleven, สินค้าใน7/11, สินค้าใน7-11, สินค้าใน7eleven, สินค้าใน7-Eleven, สินค้าในseven, สินค้าใหม่ 7-11, สินค้าใหม่+ธุรกิจ, สินค้าแฟรนไช, สินค้าแฟรนไชส์, สิ้นค้าotop, สิ้นค้าsme, หาความ รู้, หาความรู้, หางาน parttime seven, หางาน 7, หางาน 7 seven, หางาน 7-11, หางาน 7eleven, หางาน part-time, หางาน seven, หางาน Seven 11, หางาน seven 7 part time, หางาน seven eleven, หางาน seven-eleven , หางาน ม.ธุรกิจ, หางาน7, หางาน7/11, หางาน7-11, หางานsaven, หางานseveneleven, หางานseven-eleven, หางานแฟรนไชส์, หนังสือ SME THAILAND, หนังสือ แฟรนไชส์, หนังสือ + sme, หนังสือ + SMEs, หนังสือ 7 cata , หนังสือ 7 eleven, หนังสือ 7/11, หนังสือ 7eleven, หนังสือ 7-eleven, หนังสือ for, หนังสือ marketing, หนังสือ marketing in english, หนังสือ Otop, หนังสือ OTOP*, หนังสือ SME, หนังสือ SME THAILAND, หนังสือ smes, หนังสือ top, หนังสือ top of thailand, หนังสือ สินค้า otop, หนังสือ สินค้าotop, หนังสือ อาชีพ, หนังสือ ธุรกิจ, หนังสือ ธุรกิจ sme, หนังสือ ธุรกิจSME, หนังสือ เอสเอ็มอี, หนังสือ แฟรน, หนังสือ แฟรนไชส์ , หนังสือ+11อาชีพ, หนังสือ+otop, หนังสือ+sme, หนังสือ7, หนังสือ7-catalog, หนังสือ7eleven , หนังสือotop, หนังสือSME, หนังสือSME Thailand, หนังสือSMEs, หนังสือsmes thailand, หนังสือรวมเฟรนไช, หนังสืออาชีพ, หนังสือธุรกิจ, หนังสือธุรกิจ sme, หนังสือธุรกิจ SMEs, หนังสือธุรกิจsme, หนังสือธุรกิจSMEs, หนังสือเฟรนไชส์, หนังสือแฟรนไช, หนังสือแฟรนไชส์, หน้าเหลือง SME, อยากสมัครงานseven, อาชีพ, อาชีพ แฟรนไชส์, อาชีพ SMES , อาชีพ O Top, อาชีพ otop, อาชีพ s.m.e, อาชีพ sme, อาชีพ SMEs, อาชีพ เฟรนไชส์ , อาชีพ แฟรนไชส์, อาชีพ"sme", อาชีพ(otop), อาชีพ+sme, อาชีพ+SMEs, อาชีพ+แฟรนไชส์, อาชีพOTOP, อาชีพsme , อาชีพSMEs, อาชีพสินค้า otop , อาชีพสินค้าotop, อาชีพหน้าทำ, อาชีพขายในไทย, อาชีพธุรกิจ, อาชีพธุรกิจ sme, อาชีพธุรกิจ sme, อาชีพธุรกิจSME, อาชีพเฟรนไช, อาชีพเฟรนไชส์, อาชีพแฟรนไชส์, อี, อี 7, อี เอส, ประหยัดพลังงาน ppt, ประเทศไทย+อาชีพ, กระเป๋า, กระเป๋า 7- eleven, กระเป๋า 7-eleven, กระเป๋า OR handbag OTOP, กระเป๋า otop, กระเป๋า จาก กะลา, กระเป๋า,OTOP, กระเป๋า+แฟรนไชส์, กระเป๋าotop, กระเป๋าจาก OTOP, กระเป๋าจากlondon, กระเป๋าจากotop, กระเป๋าจากกะลา, กระเป๋าธุรกิจ, บริษัท 7 eleven, บริษัท seven, บริษัท seven eleven , บริษัท sme, บริษัท7-eleven, บริษัทseven, บริษัทSeven eleven, บริษ้ท sme , บริการ+7eleven, ปรึกษา sme, ปรึกษา ธุรกิจ sme, ปรึกษาsme, ธรุกิจ seven eleven , ธรุกิจ SME, ธรุกิจsme, ธรุกิจแฟรนไชส์, ธรุกิจแฟรนไชส์ seven, กลยุทธ PPT, กลยุทธ์, กลยุทธ์ 7-eleven, กลยุทธ์ "seven eleven", กลยุทธ์ + ppt, กลยุทธ์ + ธุรกิจ, กลยุทธ์ 7, กลยุทธ์ 7 c, กลยุทธ์ 7 eleven, กลยุทธ์ 7 ELEVEN $, กลยุทธ์ 7 Seven, กลยุทธ์ 7 – ELEVEN , กลยุทธ์ 7/11, กลยุทธ์ 7-11, กลยุทธ์ 7eleven , กลยุทธ์ 7-eleven, กลยุทธ์ 7-elven, กลยุทธ์ 7s, กลยุทธ์ 7's, กลยุทธ์ 7-S, กลยุทธ์ 7เอส, กลยุทธ์ c, กลยุทธ์ cen, กลยุทธ์ marketing, กลยุทธ์ otop, กลยุทธ์ seven , กลยุทธ์ seven eleven, กลยุทธ์ sme, กลยุทธ์ smes, กลยุทธ์ ผลิตภัณฑ์, กลยุทธ์ ธุรกิจ sme, กลยุทธ์*7-eleven, กลยุทธ์/ SMEs , กลยุทธ์+7-11, กลยุทธ์+7-eleven, กลยุทธ์+Market Centered, กลยุทธ์+seven, กลยุทธ์+SME, กลยุทธ์7, กลยุทธ์7 11, กลยุทธ์7 S, กลยุทธ์7-11, กลยุทธ์7eleven, กลยุทธ์7-Eleven, กลยุทธ์Marketing, กลยุทธ์seven, กลยุทธ์seven eleven, กลยุทธ์sme, กลยุทธ์smes, กลยุทธ์สินค้า Otop, กลยุทธ์สินค้าOTOP, กลยุทธ์สินค้าไทย , กลยุทธ์ผลิตภัณฑ์, กลยุทธ์ของ 7-eleven, กลยุทธ์ของ seven 7, กลยุทธ์ธุรกิจ, กลยุทธ์ธุรกิจ 7 eleven, กลยุทธ์ธุรกิจ 7eleven, กลยุทธ์ธุรกิจ SMEs, ผลิตภัณฑ์, ผลิตภัณฑ์ 7-eleven, ผลิตภัณฑ์ sme, ผลิตภัณฑ์ + SMEs, ผลิตภัณฑ์ 7 eleven, ผลิตภัณฑ์ 7- elven , ผลิตภัณฑ์ 7-eleven, ผลิตภัณฑ์ EXPORT, ผลิตภัณฑ์ o top, ผลิตภัณฑ์ ppt, ผลิตภัณฑ์ ppt., ผลิตภัณฑ์ sme, ผลิตภัณฑ์ SMEs, ผลิตภัณฑ์ กลยุทธ์, ผลิตภัณฑ์ จาก กะลา, ผลิตภัณฑ์+7-11, ผลิตภัณฑ์+sme, ผลิตภัณฑ์+กลยุทธ์, ผลิตภัณฑ์7-eleven, ผลิตภัณฑ์sme, ผลิตภัณฑ์SMEs, ผลิตภัณฑ์กลยุทธ์, ผลิตภัณฑ์จาก OTOP, ผลิตภัณฑ์จาก 7 - eleven, ผลิตภัณฑ์จาก กะลา, ผลิตภัณฑ์จากotop, ผลิตภัณฑ์จากกะลา, ผลิตภัณท์ SMEs, ความหมาย 7eleven, ความหมาย 7-eleven, ความหมายของ 7-eleven, ขอ windows 7, ขอมูลSME, กะลา ผลิตภัณฑ์, กะลา ไทย, กะลา+สินค้า, กะลา+ผลิตภัณฑ์, งาน 7, งาน 7 11, งาน 7- 11, งาน 7 eleven, งาน 7- even, งาน 7/11, งาน 7-11, งาน 7eleven, งาน 7-eleven, งาน 7-elven, งาน Export, งาน otop, งาน O-top, งาน Otop sme , งาน part time, งาน part time 7 eleven, งาน Part Time 7/11, งาน part time 7-11, งาน Part Time 7-seven, งาน part time Seven, งาน part time seven eleven, งาน partime, งาน part-time, งาน seven, งาน Seven 11, งาน seven eleven, งาน SME, งาน smes, งาน THAILAND SMEs, งาน เฟรนไชส์, งาน7, งาน7 11, งาน7/11, งาน7-11, งาน7-eleven, งานEXPORT, งานotop, งานPartime, งานseven, งานseven11, งานSME, งานSMes, การชื้อธุรกิจ 7-11 , งานหัตถกรรม, งานธุรกิจ, งานธุรกิจ sme, งานธุรกิจ SME, งานธุรกิจ อาชีพ, งานธุรกิจpowerpoint, งานธุรกิจSME, งานเฟรน, งานเฟรนไช, งานเฟรนไชส์, งานแฟรนไชส์, ทำ 7, ทำ 7 ELEVEN, ทำ 7-11, ทำ 7eleven, ทำ 7-eleven, ทำ seven eleven ธุรกิจ, ทำ SME ข้าวสาร, ทำ7, ทำ7-11, ทำseven eleven, คีย์การ์ด thai, คีย์การ์ด+powerpoint, ที่มาธุรกิจSMEไทย, ที่สมัครงาน Seven-Eleven, ชื่อ ธุรกิจ, ชื่อ ธุรกิจ sme, ชื่อSME 'S, ชื่อSMEs, ชื่ออาชีพ, ชื่ออาชีพ ธุรกิจ, ชื่อธุรกิจ, ชื่อธุรกิจ e-commerce, ชื่อธุรกิจ sme, ชื่อธุรกิจSME, ชื่อเต็ม IMC, ชื่อเต็ม SME, ชื่อเฟรนไชส์, ชื่อแฟรนไชส์, จุดเด่นธุรกิจsme, ธุร, ธุระกิจ SME, ธุระกิจ 7-11, ธุระกิจ saven eleven, ธุระกิจ SME, ธุระกิจSEVEN, ธุระกิจseveneleven, ธุระกิจSME, ธุระกิจแฟรนไชร์, ธุระแฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ, ธุรกิจ แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ (SMEs), ธุรกิจ 7, ธุรกิจ 7 eleven, ธุรกิจ 7 even, ธุรกิจ 7-eleven, ธุรกิจ otop, ธุรกิจ S M E, ธุรกิจ sme, ธุรกิจ SMEs, ธุรกิจ ข่าว, ธุรกิจ เฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ + แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ +powerpoint, ธุรกิจ 7, ธุรกิจ 7 Eleven, ธุรกิจ 7 11, ธุรกิจ 7 eleven, ธุรกิจ 7 Eleven., ธุรกิจ 7 Elevent, ธุรกิจ 7-11, ธุรกิจ 7eleven, ธุรกิจ 7-eleven, ธุรกิจ 7-elevent, ธุรกิจ 7-seven, ธุรกิจ center, ธุรกิจ export , ธุรกิจ imc, ธุรกิจ otop, ธุรกิจ S M E, ธุรกิจ saven, ธุรกิจ seven, ธุรกิจ seven 7, ธุรกิจ seven eleven, ธุรกิจ seven-eleven, ธุรกิจ sme, ธุรกิจ Sme + powerpoint, ธุรกิจ sme + สินค้า, ธุรกิจ SME 7 11, ธุรกิจ SME สินค้า, ธุรกิจ sme ข่าว, ธุรกิจ sme ข่าวสาร, ธุรกิจ SME ใหม่, ธุรกิจ SME ไทย, ธุรกิจ sme], ธุรกิจ sme+ข่าว, ธุรกิจ smes, ธุรกิจ SMEs & แฟรนไช, ธุรกิจ SMEs & แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ SMEs OTOP, ธุรกิจ SMEs thai, ธุรกิจ smeไทย, ธุรกิจ ศูนย์, ธุรกิจ สินค้า, ธุรกิจ สินค้า OTOP, ธุรกิจ สินค้า sme, ธุรกิจ อาชีพ, ธุรกิจ ประเทศไทย, ธุรกิจ กระเป๋า, ธุรกิจ เฟ, ธุรกิจ เอส เอ็ม อี, ธุรกิจ เอส.เอ็ม.อี., ธุรกิจ เอสเอ็ม, ธุรกิจ เอสเอ็มอี, ธุรกิจ เฟรน, ธุรกิจ เฟรนไช, ธุรกิจ เฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ โอกาส, ธุรกิจ ไทย, ธุรกิจ แฟรน, ธุรกิจ แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ(SME), ธุรกิจ*sme, ธุรกิจ*รายชื่อ, ธุรกิจ*เฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ, เฟรนไช, ธุรกิจ+7, ธุรกิจ+7 eleven, ธุรกิจ+7eleven, ธุรกิจ+Seven11, ธุรกิจ+sme, ธุรกิจ+SMEs, ธุรกิจ+สินค้า, ธุรกิจ+อาชีพ, ธุรกิจ+กระเป๋า, ธุรกิจ+ธุรกิจ, ธุรกิจ+ข่าว, ธุรกิจ+ข่าว+sme, ธุรกิจ+เฟรน, ธุรกิจ+เฟรนไช, ธุรกิจ+เฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ+แฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจ+แฟรนไชส์+SME, ธุรกิจ7, ธุรกิจ7 - 11, ธุรกิจ7 11, ธุรกิจ7 Eleven, ธุรกิจ7/eleven, ธุรกิจ7-11, ธุรกิจ7-11 eleven, ธุรกิจ7eleven, ธุรกิจ7-eleven, ธุรกิจ7-Seven, ธุรกิจEleven, ธุรกิจImc, ธุรกิจOTOP, ธุรกิจOTOP SMEs , ธุรกิจOtopและsme, ธุรกิจsaven, ธุรกิจSeven, ธุรกิจseven 11, ธุรกิจSEVEN 7, ธุรกิจseven eleven, ธุรกิจseven เฟรน, ธุรกิจSeveneleven, ธุรกิจseven-eleven, ธุรกิจSME, ธุรกิจSME 7-11, ธุรกิจsme english, ธุรกิจsme ของไทย, ธุรกิจsme ใหม่ๆ, ธุรกิจsme*แฟรนไชส์ , ธุรกิจsmes, ธุรกิจSMEsแฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจSMEไทย, ธุรกิจsmeไชนิส, ธุรกิจ…เฟรนไชส์ , ธุรกิจสินค้า, ธุรกิจสินค้า otop, ธุรกิจสินค้า OTOP, ธุรกิจสินค้า SMEs, ธุรกิจสินค้าOTOP, ธุรกิจสินค้าsme, ธุรกิจหนังสือ, ธุรกิจหนังสือ SMEs, ธุรกิจอาชีพ, ธุรกิจกระเป๋า, ธุรกิจข้าว, ธุรกิจเฟ, ธุรกิจเอสเอ็มอี, ธุรกิจเฟรน, ธุรกิจเฟรนราย, ธุรกิจเฟรนไช, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชseven, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชร์ส, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์ 7-11, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์ 7-11, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์ 7eleven, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์,7-11, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชส์7-11, ธุรกิจเฟรนไชท์, ธุรกิจแฟ, ธุรกิจไทย, ธุรกิจแฟรน, ธุรกิจแฟรนไช, ธุรกิจแฟรนไช 7-11, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ , ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ 7-11, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ 7, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ 7 11, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ 7-11, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ 7eleven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์ seven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์, sme, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์+seven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์7, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์7 eleven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์7-11, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์7-eleven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์saven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์Seven, ธุรกิจแฟรนไชส์sme, ข้อมูล 7- eleven, ข้อมูล SME ในไทย, ข้อมูล 7 eleven, ข้อมูล 7-11, ข้อมูล 7eleven, ข้อมูล 7-eleven, ข้อมูล even, ข้อมูล otop, ข้อมูล se7en, ข้อมูล seven, ข้อมูล seven eleven , ข้อมูล seven eleven, ข้อมูล sme, ข้อมูล SME Thai, ข้อมูล sme ประเทศไทย, ข้อมูล SME ไทย, ข้อมูล SMEs, ข้อมูล บริษัท Seven 11, ข้อมูล ธุรกิจ 7-ELEVEN , ข้อมูล ธุรกิจ sme, ข้อมูล ธุรกิจ smes, ข้อมูล เอสเอ็มอี, ข้อมูล แฟรนไช, ข้อมูล แฟรนไชส์ 7-11, ข้อมูล, sme, ไทย, ข้อมูล+7-eleven, ข้อมูล+ธุรกิจSME, ข้อมูล7, ข้อมูล7-11, ข้อมูล7ELEVEN, ข้อมูล7-eleven, ข้อมูลsme, ข้อมูลSMEs, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ 7-eleven, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ e-commerce, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ sme , ข้อมูลธุรกิจ SMEs , ข้อมูลธุรกิจ,sme, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ7eleven, ข้อมูลธุรกิจ7-eleven, ข้อมูลธุรกิจSeven, ข้อมูลธุรกิจsme, ข้อมูลแฟรนไชส์, ข้อสอบ sme, ข้อเสีย 7, ข้อเสีย 7-11, ข้อเสีย 7eleven, ข้อเสีย sme, ข้อเสีย กลยุทธ์, ข้อเสีย ของ7, ข้อเสีย ข้าวสาร, ข้อเสีย แคตตาล็อก, ข้อเสีย แฟรนไชส์, ข้อเสีย แฟรนไชส์7-11, ข้อเสีย7-11, ข้อเสีย7eleven, ข้อเสียPHP, -ข้อเสียของ 7-11, ข้อเสียของ7-11, ข้อเสียของ7eleven, ข้อเสียแฟรนไชส์, ค่า ธุรกิจ seven eleven, ข่าว, ข่าว OTOP, ข่าว SME, ข่าว SMEs, ข่าว สินค้า otop, ข่าว อาชีพ, ข่าว + Eng, ข่าว + English, ข่าว + marketing, ข่าว + ธุรกิจ + ไทย, ข่าว +7eleven, ข่าว +SME, ข่าว 7, ข่าว 7 eleven, ข่าว 7 eleven, ข่าว 7/11, ข่าว 7-11, ข่าว 7-eleven, ข่าว eng, ข่าว eng thai, ข่าว Eng-Thai, ข่าว jewellry, ข่าว Marketing, ข่าว Otop , ข่าว o-top, ข่าว OTOP sme, ข่าว otop smes, ข่าว seven, ข่าว seven eleven, ข่าว sme, ข่าว sme., ข่าว SMEs, ข่าว smes seven eleven, ข่าว สินค้าotop, ข่าว สินค้าธุรกิจ, ข่าว อาชีพ, ข่าว อาชีพ ธุรกิจ, ข่าว อาชีพธุรกิจ, ข่าว ผลิตภัณฑ์ OTOP, ข่าว ธุระกิจ, ข่าว ธุรกิจ, ข่าว ธุรกิจ SME, ข่าว ธุรกิจ SMEs, ข่าว ธุรกิจ สินค้า, ข่าว ธุรกิจsme, ข่าว ธุรกิจ-สินค้า, ข่าว เอส เอ็ม อี, ข่าว ไทย-english, ข่าว แฟรนไชส์, ข่าว(Eng), ข่าว(english), ข่าว(OTOP), ข้าว.ppt, ข้าว:ppt, ข่าว+7-11, ข่าว+7-Eleven , ข่าว+eng, ข่าว+english, ข่าว+marketing, ข่าว+marketting, ข่าว+Otop, ข้าว+powerpoint, ข่าว+seven eleven, ข่าว+SME, ข่าว+sme+otop, ข่าว+SMEs, ข่าว+รายชื่อ+อาชีพ, ข่าว+สินค้า, ข่าว+กลยุทธ, ข่าว+กลยุทธ์, ข่าว+ธุรกิจ, ข่าว+ธุรกิจ smes, ข่าว+ธุรกิจ,ธุรกิจ, ข่าว+ธุรกิจ+ไทย, ข่าว+แฟรนไชส์, ข่าว7, ข่าว7 eleven, ข่าว7-11, ข่าว7com, ข่าว7eleven, ข่าวeng, ข่าวEnglish, ข่าวmarketing, ข่าวotop, ข่าวOTOP ใหม่, ข้าวppt, ข่าวseven eleven, ข่าวSME, ข่าวSMEs, ข่าวสาร sme, ข่าวสาร SMEs, ข่าวสารSME, ข่าวสารSMEs, ข่าวสารธุรกิจ SME, ข่าวสารธุรกิจ sme, ข่าวสารธุรกิจsme, ข่าวสินค้า, ข่าวสินค้า otop, ข่าวสินค้าOTOP, ข่าวสินค้าข้าว, ข่าวหางาน+english, ข่าวหางานธุรกิจ, ข่าวอาชีพ, ข่าวอาชีพบริการ, ข่าวอาชีพธุรกิจ, ข่าวกลยุทธ์SMEs, ข่าวธุระกิจ, ข่าวธุรกิจ, ข่าวธุรกิจ eng, ข่าวธุรกิจ sme, ข่าวธุรกิจ +english, ข่าวธุรกิจ 7eleven, ข่าวธุรกิจ e - commerce, ข่าวธุรกิจ e commerce, ข่าวธุรกิจ English to thai, ข่าวธุรกิจ SME, ข่าวธุรกิจ sme ใหม่, ข่าวธุรกิจ SMEs, ข่าวธุรกิจ ข้าว, ข่าวธุรกิจ,, ข่าวธุรกิจ/english, ข่าวธุรกิจ+eng, ข่าวธุรกิจ+sme, ข่าวธุรกิจenglish, ข่าวธุรกิจotop, ข่าวธุรกิจSME, ข่าวธุรกิจsmes, ข่าวธุรกิจรถยนต์, ข่าวธุรกิจสินค้า, ข่าวธุรกิจคอม, ข่าวธุรกิจกิจ, ข่าวเอ็มเอ็มเอส, ข่าวแฟรนไชส์, เฟ, เว็บ 7, เว็บ 7 eleven, เว็บ 7/11, เว็บ 7-11, เว็บ 7-eleven, เว็บ ธุรกิจ sme, เว็บ7, เว็บ7 - Eleven, เว็บ7 11, เว็บ7-11, เว็บ7-eleven, เว็บ7-eleven+ไทย, เว็บsme, เว็บรวมแฟรนไชส์, เว็บธุรกิจ sme, เว็บไซต์ 7, เว็บไซต์ 7-11, เว็บไซต์ 7eleven, เว็บไซต์ otop, เว็บไซต์ sme, เอ, เอส, เอส เอ็ม อี, เอส เอ็ม อี, เอส เอ็ม อี SME, เอส เอ็ม อี เอส, เอส เอ็ม อี ไทย, เอส.เอ็ม.อี, เอส.เอ็ม.อี., เอสเอ็ม, เอสเอ็มอี, เอสเอ็มอี webboard, เอสเอ็มอี ธุรกิจ, เอสเอ็มอี ไทย, เอสเอ็มอีธุรกิจ, เอสเอ็มอีเอส, เอสเอ็มอีไทย, เอ็, เอ่, เอ๋, เอ็ม, เอ็ม เอส อี, เอ็ม.อี, เอ็มอี, เฟรน, เฟรน seven, เฟรน ไช, เฟรน ไช7 eleven, เฟรน ไชส์, เฟรน7, เฟรนส์ไชส์, เฟรนส์ไชส์ seven eleven, เฟรนไช, เฟรนไช 7 eleven, เฟรนไช 7, เฟรนไช 7-, เฟรนไช 7 eleven, เฟรนไช 7eleven, เฟรนไช 7-eleven, เฟรนไช 7-even, เฟรนไช seven, เฟรนไช งาน รวม, เฟรนไช เซ็นเตอร์, เฟรนไช ไทย, เฟรนไช+ธุรกิจ, เฟรนไช7, เฟรนไช7-eleven, เฟรนไชSAVEN ELEVEN, เฟรนไชค, เฟรนไชส์, เฟรนไชส์ & otop, เฟรนไชส์ 7, เฟรนไชส์ 7 elaven, เฟรนไชส์ 7 eleven, เฟรนไชส์ 7- eleven , เฟรนไชส์ 7-11, เฟรนไชส์ 7eleven, เฟรนไชส์ 7-eleven, เฟรนไชส์ center, เฟรนไชส์ centre, เฟรนไชส์ noodle, เฟรนไชส์ OTOP, เฟรนไชส์ ppt., เฟรนไชส์ seven, เฟรนไชส์ sme, เฟรนไชส์ thai, เฟรนไชส์ หนังสือ, เฟรนไชส์ ธุรกิจ, เฟรนไชส์ ไทย, เฟรนไชส์ ไทย center, เฟรนไชส์ แฟรนไชส์, เฟรนไชส์ ในไทย, เฟรนไชส์*, เฟรนไชส์. , เฟรนไชส์+7, เฟรนไชส์+7eleven, เฟรนไชส์+7-eleven, เฟรนไชส์+ไทย, เฟรนไชส์+แฟรนไชส์, เฟรนไชส์7, เฟรนไชส์7 eleven, เฟรนไชส์7-11, เฟรนไชส์7eleven, เฟรนไชส์7-Eleven, เฟรนไชส์seveneleven, เฟรนไชส์sme, เฟรนไชส์thai, เฟรนไชส์สินค้า, เฟรนไชส์หนังสือ, เฟรนไชสไทย, เฟรนไชส์ธุรกิจ, เฟรนไชส์ไทย, เฟรนไชส์ในไทย, เฟรนไชท์, เฟรนไชไทย, เปลี่ยนชื่อ, แฟ, โอกาส , โอกาส ธุรกิจ, โอกาส 7 ELEVEN, โอกาส กระเป๋า, โอกาส ธุรกิจ, โอกาสทางธุรกิจSME, โอกาสธุรกิจ, แคตตาล็อก 7 seven, ไทย + เอสเอ็มอี, ไทย 7-11, ไทย SME, ไทย SMEs, ไทย ธุรกิจ, ไทย เอสเอ็มอี , ไทย เอ็ม เอ็ม, ไทย เฟรนไช, ไทย เฟรนไชส์, ไทย+smes, ไทย7, ไทยOTOP, ไทยsme, ไทยอาชีพ, ไทยธุรกิจ, ไทยเอส, ไทยเอสเอ็ม, ไทยเอสเอ็มอี, ไทยเฟรนไช, ไทยเฟรนไชส์, แฟรน, แฟรนไช, แฟรนไช ไทย, แฟรนไช 7, แฟรนไช 7eleven, แฟรนไช 7-Eleven, แฟรนไช sme, แฟรนไช เอสเอ็มอี, แฟรนไช7, แฟรนไช7-11, แฟรนไช7eleven, แฟรนไทย, แฟรนไชร์, แฟรนไชร์ส์, แฟรนไชส์, แฟรนไชส์ 7, แฟรนไชส์ 7-Eleven, แฟรนไชส์ 7 eleven, แฟรนไชส์ หนังสือ, แฟรนไชส์ 7-Eleven, แฟรนไชส์ seven eleven, แฟรนไชส์ + ธุรกิจ SME, แฟรนไชส์ 7, แฟรนไชส์ 7-, แฟรนไชส์ 7 - eleven ราคา, แฟรนไชส์ 7 11, แฟรนไชส์ 7 eleven, แฟรนไชส์ 7 seven, แฟรนไชส์ 7/11, แฟรนไชส์ 7-11, แฟรนไชส์ 7-Catalog, แฟรนไชส์ 7ELEVEN, แฟรนไชส์ 7-Eleven, แฟรนไชส์ 7eleven ราคา, แฟรนไชส์ 7-even, แฟรนไชส์ noodle, แฟรนไชส์ noodles, แฟรนไชส์ seven, แฟรนไชส์ seven eleven, แฟรนไชส์ seven- eleven, แฟรนไชส์ seven11, แฟรนไชส์ Seven-eleven, แฟรนไชส์ SME, แฟรนไชส์ thailand, แฟรนไชส์ รวม, แฟรนไชส์ รายชื่อ, แฟรนไชส์ ส, แฟรนไชส์ หนังสือ, แฟรนไชส์ อาชีพ, แฟรนไชส์ กระเป๋า, แฟรนไชส์ ธุรกิจ, แฟรนไชส์ ไทย, แฟรนไชส์,7-11, แฟรนไชส์+7, แฟรนไชส์+7 eleven, แฟรนไชส์+7-eleven, แฟรนไชส์+eleven, แฟรนไชส์+seven, แฟรนไชส์+SME, แฟรนไชส์+thai, แฟรนไชส์+รายชื่อ, แฟรนไชส์+ธุรกิจ, แฟรนไชส์+ข้อมูล, แฟรนไชส์+ไทย, แฟรนไชส์7, แฟรนไชส์7 eleven, แฟรนไชส์7-11, แฟรนไชส์7eleven, แฟรนไชส์7-Eleven , แฟรนไชส์-otop, แฟรนไชส์PPT, แฟรนไชส์seven, แฟรนไชส์seven eleven, แฟรนไชส์seven eleven, แฟรนไชส์seven-eleven, แฟรนไชส์sme, แฟรนไชส์sme 7 eleven, แฟรนไชส์สินค้า, แฟรนไชส์หนังสือ, แฟรนไชส์ธุรกิจ, แฟรนไชส์ธุรกิจSME, โฆษณาseveneleven, ไชส์หนังสือ, แนะนำ ธุรกิจ 7-11, แนะนำเฟรนไชส์, ในไทย+เฟรนไชส์, ??, ???, ??? 7-11, ?????, ??, ?????7, ????????, ??? 7-11, ???7, ????? otop ??????, ????? smes, ?????7-11, ?????sme, ??????????, ????????, ???SME, ????, ??? ???? ??, ?????????,
Hard-coating technology
Hard-coating technology
Because the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc, compared to the DVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in polymer technology eventually made the cartridges unnecessary.[39]
TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was named Durabis. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.
Because the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc, compared to the DVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in polymer technology eventually made the cartridges unnecessary.[39]
TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was named Durabis. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard.
Laser and optics
Laser and optics
Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.
The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same area. For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[38] In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity. (See Compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure.)
Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" (technically violet) laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.
The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same area. For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[38] In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity. (See Compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure.)
End of the format war
End of the format war
In January 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Brothers, the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios which came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO, though in Europe HBO distribution partner the BBC announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, including major U.S. retailers such as Wal-Mart dropping HD DVD in their stores. A major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its inventory. Netflix, the major online DVD rental site, said it would no longer stock new HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on 19 February 2008, Toshiba announced it would be ending production of HD DVD devices,[34] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical disks. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since inception, shortly after Toshiba's announcement, said "while Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[35] Paramount Studios, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[36]
Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft has stated that they are not currently pursuing a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360, and will instead focus on their digital downloads from the Xbox Live Marketplace.[37]
Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's "Hitman," up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around 5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households, with most experts predicting the business will take off in a significant fashion in the fourth quarter of 2008, when BD Live software and players--which offer a variety of Web-enabled features, from downloadable trailers to chat and instant-messaging functions--start hitting the market.
In January 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Brothers, the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios which came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO, though in Europe HBO distribution partner the BBC announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, including major U.S. retailers such as Wal-Mart dropping HD DVD in their stores. A major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its inventory. Netflix, the major online DVD rental site, said it would no longer stock new HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on 19 February 2008, Toshiba announced it would be ending production of HD DVD devices,[34] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical disks. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since inception, shortly after Toshiba's announcement, said "while Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[35] Paramount Studios, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[36]
Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft has stated that they are not currently pursuing a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360, and will instead focus on their digital downloads from the Xbox Live Marketplace.[37]
Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's "Hitman," up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around 5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households, with most experts predicting the business will take off in a significant fashion in the fourth quarter of 2008, when BD Live software and players--which offer a variety of Web-enabled features, from downloadable trailers to chat and instant-messaging functions--start hitting the market.
Competition from HD DVD
Competition from HD DVD
Main article: High definition optical disc format war
The DVD Forum (which was chaired by Toshiba) was deeply split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[22][23] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.[24] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[25] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation.[26][27]
HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market and Blu-ray Disc sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[28] This changed when PlayStation 3 launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. By January 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,[29] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. Finally, by February 2008, Toshiba announced it was pulling its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu Ray as the victor in the video wars.[30]
Some analysts believe that Sony's PlayStation 3 video game console played an important role in the format war, believing it acted as a catalyst for Blu-ray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.[31] They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing campaign.[32] More recently several studios have cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anti-copying system as the reason they supported Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD.[33]
Main article: High definition optical disc format war
The DVD Forum (which was chaired by Toshiba) was deeply split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[22][23] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.[24] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[25] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation.[26][27]
HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market and Blu-ray Disc sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[28] This changed when PlayStation 3 launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. By January 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,[29] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. Finally, by February 2008, Toshiba announced it was pulling its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu Ray as the victor in the video wars.[30]
Some analysts believe that Sony's PlayStation 3 video game console played an important role in the format war, believing it acted as a catalyst for Blu-ray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.[31] They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing campaign.[32] More recently several studios have cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anti-copying system as the reason they supported Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD.[33]
Launch and sales developments
Launch and sales developments
The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them in the race to the market by a few months.[18][19]
The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006. The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on DVDs. The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC codecs were introduced in September 2006.[20] The first movies using dual layer discs (50 GB) were introduced in October 2006.[21]
The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, 2006. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699.
The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them in the race to the market by a few months.[18][19]
The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006. The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on DVDs. The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC codecs were introduced in September 2006.[20] The first movies using dual layer discs (50 GB) were introduced in October 2006.[21]
The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, 2006. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699.
Blu-ray Disc format finalized
Blu-ray Disc format finalized
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were finished in 2004.[11] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs.[12] The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[13] AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[14] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[15] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[16] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer and Samsung, an interim standard was published which did not include some features, like managed copy
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were finished in 2004.[11] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs.[12] The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[13] AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[14] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[15] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[16] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer and Samsung, an interim standard was published which did not include some features, like managed copy
Origins
Origins
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE).[7] The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar.
The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.[8] Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,[9] and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members.
The first consumer devices were in stores on April 10, 2003. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800;[10] however, there was no standard for pre-recorded video and no movies were released for this player. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away, since a new and secure DRM system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it, not wanting to repeat the failure of the Content Scramble System for DVDs.
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE).[7] The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar.
The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.[8] Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,[9] and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members.
The first consumer devices were in stores on April 10, 2003. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800;[10] however, there was no standard for pre-recorded video and no movies were released for this player. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away, since a new and secure DRM system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it, not wanting to repeat the failure of the Content Scramble System for DVDs.
History
History
Optical disc authoring
v • d • e
* Optical disc
* Optical disc image
* Optical disc drive
* Optical disc authoring
* Authoring software
* Recording technologies
o Recording modes
o Packet writing
Optical media types
* Laserdisc (LD), Video Single Disc (VSD)
* Compact Disc (CD): Red Book, 5.1 Music Disc, SACD, PhotoCD, CD-R, CD-ROM, CD-RW, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), SVCD, CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
* MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD)
* DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RW DL, DVD+RW DL, DVD-RAM, DVD-D
* Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
* Universal Media Disc (UMD)
* HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM, HD DVD-ROM
* Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE
Standards
* Rainbow Books
* File systems
o ISO 9660
+ Joliet
+ Rock Ridge
+ El Torito
+ Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
o Universal Disk Format (UDF)
+ Mount Rainier
Further reading
* History of optical storage media
* High definition optical disc format war
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
In 1998, commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market; however, there was no commonly accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no medium with the storage required to accommodate HD codecs, except JVC's Digital VHS and Sony's HDCAM.[5] Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would enable optical storage with higher density. When Shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes, it was a sensation, although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.
Optical disc authoring
v • d • e
* Optical disc
* Optical disc image
* Optical disc drive
* Optical disc authoring
* Authoring software
* Recording technologies
o Recording modes
o Packet writing
Optical media types
* Laserdisc (LD), Video Single Disc (VSD)
* Compact Disc (CD): Red Book, 5.1 Music Disc, SACD, PhotoCD, CD-R, CD-ROM, CD-RW, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), SVCD, CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
* MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD)
* DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RW DL, DVD+RW DL, DVD-RAM, DVD-D
* Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
* Universal Media Disc (UMD)
* HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM, HD DVD-ROM
* Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE
Standards
* Rainbow Books
* File systems
o ISO 9660
+ Joliet
+ Rock Ridge
+ El Torito
+ Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
o Universal Disk Format (UDF)
+ Mount Rainier
Further reading
* History of optical storage media
* High definition optical disc format war
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
In 1998, commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market; however, there was no commonly accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no medium with the storage required to accommodate HD codecs, except JVC's Digital VHS and Sony's HDCAM.[5] Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would enable optical storage with higher density. When Shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes, it was a sensation, although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.
Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same dimensions as a standard DVD or CD.
The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue laser used to read and write this type of disc. Because of its shorter wavelength (405 nm), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser. A dual layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 GB, almost six times the capacity of a dual layer DVD.
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group of companies representing consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion picture production. The standard is covered by several patents belonging to different companies. As of April 2008, a joint licensing agreement for all the relevant patents had not yet been finalized.[2]
As of April 5, 2008, more than 530[3] Blu-ray Disc titles have been released in the United States, and more than 250 in Japan.
During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba — the main company supporting HD DVD — announced it would no longer develop, manufacture and market HD DVD players and recorders,[4] leading almost all other HD DVD supporters to follow suit, effectively naming Blu-ray the winner of the format war.
The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue laser used to read and write this type of disc. Because of its shorter wavelength (405 nm), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser. A dual layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 GB, almost six times the capacity of a dual layer DVD.
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group of companies representing consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion picture production. The standard is covered by several patents belonging to different companies. As of April 2008, a joint licensing agreement for all the relevant patents had not yet been finalized.[2]
As of April 5, 2008, more than 530[3] Blu-ray Disc titles have been released in the United States, and more than 250 in Japan.
During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba — the main company supporting HD DVD — announced it would no longer develop, manufacture and market HD DVD players and recorders,[4] leading almost all other HD DVD supporters to follow suit, effectively naming Blu-ray the winner of the format war.
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